Glossary
Every term the lectures and notes use, in one alphabetical list. Concepts are defined here. Tools, languages, and vocabularies link to their note.
# · A · B · C · D · E · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · V · W · Y
Other
[protege-user] which is the best query language for owl ontologies? — A 2016 Protege-user mailing-list reply comparing DL Query, SPARQL, and SQWRL for querying OWL ontologies.
A
A List of Ontology Engineering Tools (Ontology Editors) — This is an archived directory of ontology-engineering tools and their websites.
ABox — The assertional part of a knowledge base: the individuals and the facts about them, as opposed to the class definitions in the TBox.
AgreementMakerLight (AML) — AgreementMakerLight is an automated, efficient ontology-matching system with a flexible, extensible framework.
Alignment — Finding correspondences between entities in two different ontologies so data described by one can be read through the other.
Alignment API — The Alignment API is a Java API and implementation for expressing and sharing ontology alignments.
Apache Jena Ontology API — The Jena Ontology API is a Java programming interface for working with RDF-backed RDFS and OWL ontologies.
Apollo — Apollo was a Java-based, user-friendly knowledge-modeling application designed for varied knowledge-representation needs.
Association for Ontology Design & Patterns (ODPA) — The fetched source does not contain the requested ODPA association page; it resolves to the OntologyDesignPatterns.org main page.
Axiom — A statement in an ontology’s formal vocabulary whose consequences a reasoner can derive.
B
BARTOC (Basel Register of Thesauri, Ontologies & Classifications) — BARTOC is a site that unites information about terminologies and terminology registries.
BFO (Basic Formal Ontology) — BFO is a small upper-level ontology intended to support information retrieval, analysis, and integration across scientific and other domains.
Billion Triple Challenge (BTC) 2019 Dataset — BTC 2019 is an open dataset produced by an LDspider crawl of RDF/XML, Turtle, and N-Triples documents from 12 December 2018 to 11 January 2019.
BioPortal — NCBO BioPortal presents itself as a comprehensive repository of biomedical ontologies that is free and open to all users without login.
Bowker and Star, “Sorting Things Out” (1999) — An ethnographic study of classification systems and information infrastructure, and the deepest criticism of ontology work in this corpus.
buaaliuming/Awesome-Knowledge-Bases — Awesome-Knowledge-Bases is a compact curated page of currently available knowledge bases, ontologies, knowledge graphs, and taxonomies, maintained for quick use and survey.
Built Environment Ontology Lookup Service (BE-OLS) — BE-OLS is a platform for discovering, exploring, and evaluating built-environment ontologies.
C
CEL — CEL is a lightweight description-logic reasoner aimed at large-scale biomedical ontologies.
CIDOC CRM (Conceptual Reference Model) — CIDOC CRM is a formal ontology and information-integration framework for cultural heritage documentation.
CLARIAH/awesome-humanities-ontologies — A curated directory of ontologies, vocabularies, terminologies, and taxonomies for modelling and publishing Humanities datasets as Linked Data.
Classification — The reasoning task of computing the full subclass hierarchy implied by an ontology’s axioms.
Closed-world assumption — Treating anything not stated as false. F-logic, SPIN constraints, and Palantir’s Ontology work this way. OWL does not.
Common Core Ontologies (CCO) — CCO is a suite of eleven ontologies containing logically defined generic terms and relations intended to cover entities across domains.
Common Logic (CL) — Common Logic is an ISO-published framework for a family of first-order-logic-based languages intended to exchange and transmit knowledge between computer systems.
ConceptNet — ConceptNet is a freely available, open multilingual semantic network intended to help computers understand word meanings.
Conceptualization — The abstract model of a domain that an ontology is a specification of, in Gruber’s 1993 definition.
Consistency checking — Asking a reasoner whether an ontology is consistent, which is a separate question from whether an individual class is satisfiable.
costezki/awesome-semantic-tools — A compact curated list of projects related to ontology engineering and Semantic Web technologies.
Criticism of Operational Ontologies (Palantir) — The research and legal record on what happens when a vendor ontology is installed inside a state institution.
cwm — cwm is a general-purpose Semantic Web data processor and forward-chaining reasoner for querying, checking, transforming, and filtering information.
Cyc — Cyc is presented as an enterprise machine-reasoning AI platform that uses codified human common sense and knowledge rather than patterns and statistics.
Cyc as a Knowledge-Engineering Programme (Lenat 1995) — Douglas Lenat’s article “CYC: A Large-Scale Investment in Knowledge Infrastructure” describes the Cyc project, begun with Mary Shepherd in 1984, as an attempt to hand-codify common sense.
D
D3FEND — The fetched page is the MITRE D3FEND ontology-resource hub, distributing the entire current D3FEND model.
DBpedia — DBpedia presents itself as global, unified access to knowledge graphs and as a major Linked Open Data resource built from Wikipedia-language editions and Wikidata.
DBpedia Archivo — DBpedia Archivo is an ontology archive that automatically discovers OWL ontologies on the web, checks them every eight hours, and persistently archives changed snapshots on the Databus.
DBpedia Ontology (DBO) — The DBpedia Ontology is described as the heart of DBpedia: a shallow, cross-domain ontology that began from commonly used Wikipedia infoboxes and evolved through community-maintained ontology schema and infobox mappings.
DCMI Metadata Terms — DCMI Metadata Terms is the authoritative specification of metadata terms maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative.
Description logic — A family of languages more expressive than propositional logic and less expressive than first-order logic, forming the logical foundation of OWL and trading expressive power against reasoning complexity.
Description Logic Complexity Navigator — A web navigator maintained by Evgeny Zolin for complexity results about reasoning in Description Logics.
Description Logics (DLs) — Description logics are a family of formal knowledge-representation languages, generally more expressive than propositional logic and less expressive than first-order logic.
Digital Buildings Ontology (DBO) — Digital Buildings is an Apache-licensed schema and toolset for representing structured information about buildings and installed equipment.
DL Query (class expression) — The DL Query tab is a Protégé Desktop feature for searching a classified ontology with class expressions based on Manchester OWL syntax.
Do Language Models Replace Ontologies? — The live argument about whether large language models make hand-built ontologies unnecessary, obsolete the labour of building them, or increase their value.
Doctorow, “Metacrap” (2001) — Cory Doctorow’s essay against voluntary metadata, version 1.0 dated 15 May 2001 and version 1.3 dated 26 August 2001 — months after the Scientific American article, though Doctorow never mentions it, the Semantic Web, or Berners-Lee.
DOLCE (Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering) — DOLCE is a foundational ontology developed and maintained by the ISTC-CNR Laboratory for Applied Ontology.
Dublin Core Metadata Element Set — The Dublin Core Metadata Element Set 1.1 is a vocabulary of fifteen broad, generic properties for describing many kinds of resources.
E
Eddy — Eddy is a cross-platform graphical editor for specifying and visualizing Graphol ontologies.
ELK — ELK is a Java-based ontology reasoner for the OWL 2 EL profile.
ELOT — ELOT is a literate ontology-engineering environment in which one plain-text Org notebook is both the ontology source and its documentation.
Entailment — A triple a reasoner derives from an ontology’s axioms rather than one anyone asserted.
Explanation — A reasoner’s step-by-step account of how a logical consequence follows from an ontology’s axioms.
F
F-Logic — F-Logic (frame logic) is a knowledge-representation and ontology language combining conceptual modeling and object/frame-oriented features with declarative syntax and logic-programming semantics.
FaCT++ — FaCT++ is presented as a new generation of the FaCT OWL-DL reasoner.
FIBO — The Financial Industry Business Ontology (FIBO) defines financial-business things and the relationships among them so that finance data can carry shared meaning.
Fluent Editor — Fluent Editor is an ontology editor centered on Controlled Natural Language, especially a restricted form of English intended to reduce ambiguity and complexity.
Food Ontology — This is an RDF/XML OWL ontology for foods, drinks, meals, and meal courses, derived from and substantially modifying a DAML wine ontology.
FoodOn — FoodOn is a controlled vocabulary and ontology for naming food-bearing parts of animals, plants, and fungi, derived food products, and production processes.
Freebase — Freebase was a data-sharing project that ran from 2007 to 2015; its API has been shut down.
FunOWL — FunOWL is a pure-Python implementation of OWL 2 Functional-Style Syntax with a Pythonic API that stays close to the raw OWL functional model.
G
Gene Ontology (GO) — The Gene Ontology Resource is a knowledgebase and bioinformatics initiative for computationally representing how genes encode biological functions from molecular through organism levels across many species.
Geographical Entity Ontology — The Geographical Entity Ontology is an ontology of geographical entities implemented in OWL 2 and based on Basic Formal Ontology (BFO).
GFO (General Formal Ontology) — The General Formal Ontology is a top-level ontology for conceptual modeling under continuing development by Onto-Med.
gist — gist is Semantic Arts’ minimalist, domain-independent upper ontology for enterprise use.
GoodRelations — GoodRelations is a Web vocabulary for publishing detailed product and service information in a form that search engines, mobile applications, and browser extensions can extract and present.
Gruber’s Definition and Its Successors — The sentence that created the computer-science sense of the word.
gUFO — gUFO is a lightweight implementation of the Unified Foundational Ontology for Semantic Web OWL 2 DL applications.
H
HDT — HDT (Header, Dictionary, Triples) is a compact data structure and binary serialization format for RDF.
HermiT — HermiT is an open-source reasoner for OWL ontologies, based on a hypertableau calculus and released under the LGPL.
History of the Word “Ontology” — The philosophical lineage behind the word that computer science borrowed.
Hoolet — Hoolet is a prototype OWL-DL reasoner that translates an ontology into first-order axioms and sends them to a first-order prover for consistency checking.
Horned OWL — Horned OWL is a Rust library for processing and manipulating OWL documents inside Rust applications.
HyLAR — HyLAR is a hybrid, location-agnostic, rule-based incremental reasoner for the Web.
I
IMI (Infrastructure for Multilayer Interoperability) Core Vocabulary — IMI is a Common Vocabulary Framework for describing shared terms and their relationships to improve interoperability in open data and Digital Government.
Individual — A named instance in an ontology, as opposed to a class or a property.
Instance checking — The reasoning task of asking whether an individual belongs to a class, listed alongside relation checking, subsumption, and concept-consistency checking.
J
jbenner-radham/awesome-semantic-web — A curated directory of Semantic Web and linked-data resources.
jcel — jcel is a Java reasoner for description logics in the EL family, described specifically as an EL+ / OWL 2 EL reasoner.
JSON-LD — JSON-LD (“JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data”) is a W3C Recommendation for encoding linked data in JSON while retaining a form similar to traditional JSON.
K
KBpedia — KBpedia is an open-source knowledge graph that integrates seven public knowledge bases into one computable structure for data interoperability and knowledge-based AI.
KBS/Ontology Projects Worldwide — This is an alphabetically indexed directory of knowledge-base, ontology, knowledge-representation, and related projects and groups.
KMax/awesome-semantic-web-business — A curated list of resources showing Semantic Web technologies in business applications.
Knoodl — Knoodl was presented as a cloud-hosted Distributed Information Management System combining semantic and traditional information-management technology.
L
Linked Open Vocabularies — Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV) is a catalog containing 910 vocabularies in the fetched page.
LinkML — LinkML is the Linked Data Modeling Language, a flexible language for authoring data schemas in YAML.
Liquid-Legal-Institute/Legal-Ontologies — A curated list of selected resources, methods, and tools for legal ontologies, data schemes, and knowledge graphs.
List of ontology editors — The fetched page defines ontology editors as applications that assist with creating or manipulating ontologies, commonly through one or more ontology languages.
Lists of ontologies — This W3C Wiki page is a directory of ontology-listing pages that map themes such as people or products to ontology URIs.
LODE — LODE 2.0 is an open-source service that extracts entities and textual definitions from semantic artifacts and renders browsable, linked HTML documentation.
LogMap — LogMap is a highly scalable ontology matching system with built-in reasoning and inconsistency-repair capabilities.
Loom — Loom is a knowledge-representation language and environment for constructing intelligent applications, developed at USC’s Information Sciences Institute.
M
Materialization — Expanding a graph with inferred triples ahead of time by forward chaining, as OWL-RL does for RDFS and OWL 2 RL.
Materials-Data-Science-and-Informatics/awesome-fair-data — A curated “Awesome FAIR” list from the Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration’s Hub Information & FAIR Data Commons at FZJ.
Microtheory — Cyc’s device for scoping assertions into small local contexts, each of which inhabits its own context.
MILO (Mid-Level Ontology) — MILO is a formal ontology intended to bridge SUMO’s abstract content and the richer detail of domain ontologies.
MindNet — MindNet is a Microsoft Research knowledge-representation project that automatically builds semantic networks from dictionaries, encyclopedias, and free text.
Mosaic Knowledge Graphs — The fetched source identifies an archived page titled “Mosaic Knowledge Graphs.” It contains Wayback Machine capture metadata rather than the archived application’s descriptive content, so the nature and capabilities of the resource are not stated.
N
N-Quads — N-Quads is a W3C RDF serialization with the .nq extension and application/n-quads media type.
N-Triples — N-Triples is a line-based plain-text serialization for RDF graphs and a subset of Turtle.
Nanotation — Nanotation is described as a mechanism for using “digital sentences” to enhance blog posts, forum discussions, tweets and other micro-blog posts, HTML, and plain-text documents.
National Center for Ontological Research (NCOR) — NCOR describes itself as an international nonprofit ontology research-and-development network.
NELL ontology and knowledge base — This archived Linked Data server publishes the ontology and knowledge base produced by NELL, the Never-Ending Language Learning project in Carnegie Mellon’s Read-The-Web initiative.
Notation3 — Notation3 (N3) is a compact, non-XML serialization for RDF models designed for human readability.
O
OAK — Ontology Access Kit (OAK) is documented as a toolkit for working with ontologies through both Python and a command line.
Object type — Palantir’s term for the schema definition of a real-world entity or event; its own analogy is that an object type is like a dataset and an object like a row.
OBO Format (OBOF) — This is the working-draft specification for OBO Flat File Format 1.4, providing a BNF grammar and a mapping to OWL 2 DL.
OBO Foundry — The Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology Foundry is a community effort to develop interoperable ontologies for the biological sciences.
obonet — obonet is a lightweight Python package for reading OBO-serialized ontologies into a NetworkX MultiDiGraph.
OntoAligner — OntoAligner is a modular Python toolkit for matching entities across two ontologies or knowledge graphs.
OntoEMMA — OntoEMMA is an ontology matcher for generating alignments between knowledgebases.
OntoLearner — OntoLearner is a modular, extensible Python framework for semi-automatic ontology construction and enrichment.
Ontological commitment — What a theory must say exists for it to be true. Quine’s answer to what ontology means for a formal theory.
Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) — OAEI is a coordinated international initiative seeking consensus on how schema- and ontology-matching methods should be evaluated.
Ontology language — Ontology languages are formal, usually declarative languages for constructing ontologies and encoding domain knowledge.
Ontology List — Ontology List is an archived, categorized directory of ontology and vocabulary names, with short descriptions for some entries.
Ontology Lookup Service (OLS) — The rendered Ontology Lookup Service page is a browsable catalog of ontologies, prominently including OBO Foundry resources and many scientific and biomedical domains.
Ontology Matching — Ontology Matching is an information repository devoted to methods for finding correspondences between semantically related entities in different ontologies.
OntologyDesignPatterns.org — OntologyDesignPatterns.org is a Semantic Web portal dedicated to ontology design patterns and run by ODPA.
OntoME — OntoME is an ontology management environment for object-oriented structured data models.
OnToology — OnToology automates part of collaborative ontology development for a GitHub repository containing OWL files.
ontor — ontor (ONTology editOR) is a Python library built on Owlready2 for creating, editing, extending, debugging, visualizing, and reasoning over OWL2 ontologies.
Ontospy — Ontospy is a lightweight Python library and command-line tool for inspecting vocabularies encoded in RDF-family languages.
OntoStudio — OntoStudio X is a lightweight, Excel-based IDE for building explainable knowledge systems with OntoBroker’s Java API and ObjectLogic capabilities.
Open Energy Ontology (OEO) — The OEO is an open domain ontology for the energy-system-analysis context and part of the Open Energy Family.
Open Graph protocol — The Open Graph protocol is a metadata vocabulary that lets a web page be represented as a rich object in a social graph.
Open-world assumption — Treating anything not stated as unknown rather than false, so that lack of a fact does not imply its negation. OWL’s default.
Openllet — Openllet is an open-source, Java-based OWL 2 DL reasoner.
OPPL — OPPL is an abstract formalism for manipulating ontologies written in OWL.
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language — OWL 2 is a W3C ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning, representing classes, properties, individuals, and data values in Semantic Web documents.
OWL API — The fetched site is the owlcs-maintained project landing page for the OWL API.
owl-cli — This repository now documents Cool RDF, the project formed by merging and updating the former owl-cli and turtle-formatter.
OWL-RL — OWL-RL is a simple RDFLib-based implementation of the OWL 2 RL profile plus basic RDFS inference.
OWL-Time (Time Ontology) — OWL-Time is an OWL 2 DL ontology for describing temporal properties of resources.
OWLGrEd — OWLGrEd presents itself as a graphical ontology editor intended to make ontologies easier to see and edit.
Owlish — Owlish is a Rust library providing OWL 2 data structures for building and working with ontologies.
Owlready2 — Owlready2 is an LGPLv3 package for ontology-oriented programming in Python.
OWLTools — OWLTools is a Java library and command-line toolkit that simplifies common OWLAPI operations, especially work with annotation properties and connections between classes.
P
Pellet 2 — Pellet is an open-source, pure-Java OWL 2 DL reasoner.
prefix.cc — prefix.cc describes itself as a namespace lookup service for RDF developers.
Product Types Ontology — The Product Types Ontology provides GoodRelations-compatible class definitions for product or service types that have entries in English Wikipedia.
Protege Ontology Library — A Protege Wiki page for the Protege Ontology Library.
Protégé — Protégé is a free, open-source OWL ontology editor for building and managing ontologies.
PROV-O — PROV-O is the W3C Recommendation that expresses the PROV Data Model in OWL 2, providing classes, properties, and restrictions for representing and exchanging provenance across systems and contexts.
Punning — Treating one name as both a class and an individual. Most OWL reasoners do not support it, which is why tools such as yamlpyowl generate proxy individuals instead.
pyfactxx — pyfactxx provides Python bindings that connect the C++ FaCT++ reasoner to RDFLib.
pyLODE — pyLODE is a Python reimplementation of LODE that parses OWL/RDF with RDFLib and generates human-readable, static HTML ontology documentation.
pyontutils — pyontutils is a collection of Python utilities for maintaining ontologies in Git and making them available through SciGraph.
pysemtec/semantic-python-overview — A curated, awesome-list-inspired overview of projects that connect Python with semantic technologies such as RDF, OWL, SPARQL, and reasoning.
Q
Quine and Ontological Commitment — Quine’s 1948 paper “On What There Is” gives the criterion that makes ontology tractable for engineers.
R
Racer — Racer is a freely available knowledge-representation system implementing an optimized tableau calculus for the description logic SHIQ(D).
RDF (Resource Description Framework) 1.1 — RDF is a W3C method for describing and exchanging graph data, originally designed as a metadata data model.
RDF Schema (RDFS) 1.1 — RDF Schema 1.1 is a W3C data-modeling vocabulary and semantic extension for RDF.
RDF* — The fetched source is the RDF-star community landing page, describing RDF-star (formerly RDF*) as part of the RDF-DEV community group.
RDF/XML — RDF/XML is a W3C-defined syntax for serializing an RDF graph as an XML document.
RDFa — RDFa, or Resource Description Framework in Attributes, is a W3C Recommendation that adds attributes to HTML, XHTML, and XML-based documents so they can carry rich metadata.
Reification — Modelling provenance about a statement, one option alongside n-ary relations, named graphs, singleton properties, and NDFluents.
rNews — rNews is an IPTC-approved standard for embedding news-specific metadata in HTML documents.
ROBOT — ROBOT is a tool for working with Open Biomedical Ontologies, available as a command-line program or as a library for JVM languages.
S
Schema.org Schemas — This Schema.org page is the development-version view of the full schema hierarchy.
SciGraph — SciGraph represents ontologies and ontology-encoded data as a Neo4j property graph.
semantalytics/awesome-semantic-web — A curated list of semantic-web and linked-data resources, maintained primarily as a categorized README.md.
Semantic layer — A label Palantir explicitly rejects for its Ontology, which its architecture documentation says represents an enterprise’s interconnected decisions rather than its data.
SENSUS — The fetched source does not describe SENSUS: the requested URL redirected to the USC Information Sciences Institute Natural Language Group home page.
SHACL (Shapes Constraint Language) — SHACL is a W3C Recommendation for describing RDF graphs through constraints on their content, structure, and meaning.
ShEx (Shape Expressions) — Shape Expressions (ShEx) is a data-modeling language for describing and validating RDF graphs.
Shirky, “Ontology Is Overrated” (2005) — Clay Shirky argues that designing categories in advance to cover cases that have not happened yet is badly overrated in digital systems.
SIOC (Semantically Interlinked Online Communities) — SIOC is an ontology of terms for describing online communities on the Web of Data.
SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) — SKOS is a W3C Recommendation defining a common data model for sharing and linking knowledge organization systems such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject-heading systems, and taxonomies on the Web.
SPARQL 1.1 — SPARQL 1.1 Query Language is a W3C Recommendation defining the syntax and semantics of queries over RDF graphs.
SPARQL* — The fetched page is the community home for RDF-star, formerly RDF*, within the RDF-DEV community group.
SPARQL-DL — SPARQL-DL is a substantial subset of SPARQL with semantics based directly on OWL-DL entailment.
SPARQL-OWL algorithm — This paper presents a sound and complete query-answering algorithm for SPARQL’s OWL 2 Direct Semantics entailment regime.
SPIN (SPARQL Inferencing Notation) — SPIN is a W3C Member Submission for representing SPARQL rules and constraints on Semantic Web models, described by its site as a de-facto industry standard.
Subsumption — The relation of one class being a subclass of another, either declared as an axiom or derived by a reasoner.
SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology) — SUMO and its domain ontologies are presented as a large free formal ontology used in search, linguistics, and reasoning.
SWOOP — SWOOP v2.3 beta 3 is an OWL ontology browser and editor built around a standard web-browser UI paradigm, including an address bar, history, bookmarks, and hypertext navigation.
SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) — SWRL is a 2004 W3C Member Submission proposing a rule language that combines OWL DL/OWL Lite with Unary/Binary Datalog RuleML.
T
Tarql — Tarql is a Java command-line tool, based on Apache ARQ, that converts CSV files to RDF using SPARQL 1.1 syntax.
Tawny-OWL — Tawny-OWL is a Clojure domain-specific language for constructing OWL ontologies in an evaluative, functional, fully programmatic environment, implemented directly over the OWL API.
TBox — The terminological part of a knowledge base: the concept hierarchy, as opposed to the role axioms in the RBox and the facts in the ABox.
The Knowledge Graph Turn (2012 onwards) — The rebranding and repositioning that let ontology technology survive the Semantic Web’s disappointment.
The Linked Open Data Cloud — The Linked Open Data Cloud site hosts a diagram of datasets published in Linked Data format, organized into domain subclouds.
The Palantir Ontology — Palantir’s Ontology is the operational layer at the centre of Foundry’s architecture.
The Semantic Web Vision (Berners-Lee, Hendler, Lassila 2001) — The Scientific American article that moved ontologies from an AI research topic to a web-scale programme.
TopBraid Composer — The fetched source does not identify or describe TopBraid Composer.
Torque — Bowker and Star’s term for the twisting that happens when a classification system and a person’s own account of themselves do not line up, and the system wins.
totogo/awesome-knowledge-graph — A curated directory of knowledge-graph learning materials, databases, tools, datasets, services, events, and books.
TriG — TriG is a plain-text serialization format for RDF graphs, named graphs, and RDF datasets.
Triple — The atomic unit of RDF: subject, predicate, object.
TriX — TriX (“Triples in XML”) is an XML serialization for RDF graphs, Named Graphs, and RDF Datasets.
Turtle — Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) is a syntax and .ttl file format for expressing RDF graphs.
U
Uberon — Uberon is an integrated cross-species ontology of anatomical structures in animals.
Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) — Unified Cyber Ontology (UCO) is a community-developed ontology/model intended to provide a consistent foundation for standardized information representation across the cyber-security ecosystem.
Unique name assumption — Assuming two different names refer to two different things. Description logics do not generally assume it, so different names need not denote different things.
Upper ontology — A domain-neutral ontology of very general categories, meant as a shared spine that domain ontologies hang from.
V
vCard Ontology — A W3C Interest Group Note mapping vCard RFC 6350 to RDF/OWL for describing people and organizations with Semantic Web techniques.
VocBench — VocBench is a free, open-source, web-based platform for multilingual collaborative management of OWL ontologies, SKOS/SKOS-XL thesauri, OntoLex-lemon lexicons, and generic RDF datasets.
VocPrez — VocPrez is an archived, read-only web delivery system for RDF vocabularies formulated in SKOS.
W
WebODE — WebODE is an extensible ontology-engineering suite built around an application server and a shared ontology access service.
WebVOWL — WebVOWL is a browser UI for presenting ontology visualizations, with OWL2VOWL providing the conversion backend.
What Happened to the Semantic Web — The retrospective account of why the 2001 programme did not arrive as described.
Whelk — Whelk is an OWL reasoner based on the algorithm implemented by ELK.
WIDOCO — WIDOCO (WIzard for DOCumenting Ontologies) generates enriched, customizable, human-readable ontology documentation through a GUI wizard or command line.
Wikidata — Wikidata is a free, open knowledge base readable and editable by both humans and machines.
Wine Ontology — The Wine Ontology is an example OWL ontology derived from the DAML Wine ontology, with substantial changes to its region relations.
Y
YAGO — YAGO is a large semantic knowledge base jointly developed by the Max Planck Institute for Informatics and Télécom ParisTech.
YAMATO (Yet Another More Advanced Top-level Ontology) — YAMATO is a foundational ontology built and maintained by Riichiro Mizoguchi, first created in 1999 and subsequently revised several times.
yamlpyowl — yamlpyowl reads ontologies—including individuals and SWRL rules—written in YAML and represents them as Python objects through owlready2.